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A statistical approach to law school citation rankings

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Citation rankings have emerged as a popular approach to ranking the scholarly impact of law faculties. This paper develops a statistical approach for inferring faculty quality from citation counts and determining when differences among law schools are significant. Statistical tests demonstrate that the distribution of citations within faculties closely follows the lognormal distribution, subject to small adjustments. This suggests a simple test for comparing faculties: whether they could be drawn from lognormal distributions with the same log mean. Under this approach, the geometric mean of citations is the most efficient measure for summarizing faculty quality. Using citation data collected from HeinOnline, this article provides a citation ranking for 195 law schools in the United States. Most differences between peer schools are statistically insignificant, and confidence intervals on citation ranks are extremely wide. Except for the highest-ranked faculties, citation rankings provide little information on the relative quality of faculties.

  • Autor/es: Joshua B. Fischman
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Estados Unidos
  • Idioma: Inglés
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

Coping with the Inequity and Inefficiency of the H-Index: A Cross-Disciplinary Empirical Analysis

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This paper measures two main inefficiency features (many publications other than articles; many co-authors’ reciprocal citations) and two main inequity features (more co-authors in some disciplines; more citations for authors with more experience). It constructs a representative dataset based on a cross-disciplinary balanced sample (10,000 authors with at least one publication indexed in Scopus from 2006 to 2015). It estimates to what extent four additional improvements of the H-index as top-down regulations (∆Hh = Hh − Hh+1 from H1 = based on publications to H5 = net per-capita per-year based on articles) account for inefficiency and inequity across twenty-five disciplines and four subjects. Linear regressions and ANOVA results show that the single improvements of the H-index considerably and decreasingly explain the inefficiency and inequity features but make these vaguely comparable across disciplines and subjects, while the overall improvement of the H-index (H1–H5) marginally explains these features but make disciplines and subjects clearly comparable, to a greater extent across subjects than disciplines. Fitting a Gamma distribution to H5 for each discipline and subject by maximum likelihood shows that the estimated probability densities and the percentages of authors characterised by H5 ≥ 1 to H5 ≥ 3 are different across disciplines but similar across subjects.

  • Autor/es: Fabio Zagonari, Paolo Foschi
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Italia
  • Idioma: Inglés
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

Bibliometric comparison of Nobel Prize laureates in physiology or medicine and chemistry

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The Nobel Prize is an annual honor awarded to the researchers who have made the greatest contribution to humanity with their work in the year in question. Nobel Prizes for physiology or medicine and chemistry most often have direct or indirect pharmacological relevance. In this study, we performed a bibliometric analysis of Nobel Prize laureates from 2006 to 2022. The parameters include the nationalities and age of the laureates, age at their productivity peaks, the research locations, the H-index, the age-adjusted H-index, and the number of citations and publications, and, for each parameter, a comparison of female and male award laureates. Men were much more often awarded the Nobel Prize than women. Surprisingly, women were younger than their male colleagues at the time of the award although the productivity peak was similar. There was a correlation between all publications and the H-index, which was slightly stronger for women than for men. The age-adjusted H-index showed no difference among genders. The USA were the country with the highest number of Nobel Prize laureates, both male and female. Overall, the bibliometric characteristics of male and female Nobel Prize laureates are similar, indicating that among the group of Nobel Prize laureates, there is no bias against women. Rather, the achievements of women are recognized earlier than those of men. The major difference is that the number of women becoming Nobel Prize laureates is much smaller than the number of men. This study provides a starting for future studies with larger populations of scientists to analyze disparities.

  • Autor/es: Severin Bünemann, Roland Seifert
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Alemania
  • Idioma: Inglés
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

Perfil das Revistas Científicas Eletrónicas de Angola

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As revistas científicas jogam um papel importante como canal de comunicação dos resultados de pesquisa científica, em todo mundo. Nos últimos anos, aumentou o número de revistas científicas eletrónicas em Angola, apesar da sua pouca visibilidade, no plano internacional. O objectivo deste artigo é descrever o perfil das revistas científicas eletrónicas de Angola. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e documental, em que foram observadas um total de 14 páginas web de revistas científicas, por meio de um formulário, contendo uma lista de controlo com os seguintes itens: ano de criação, instituição responsável, área do conhecimento, periodicidade das publicações, última publicação, indexação em bases de dados, uso do ORCiD pelos autores e informação sobre data de submissão, aceite e publicação dos originais. Os resultados indicam que mais de metade das revistas científicas são de carácter multidisciplinar e foram criadas no período entre 2012 e 2019; estão vinculadas a Instituições de Ensino Superior e estão indexadas em pelo uma base de dados, sendo de publicações semestrais. No entanto, o estudo também mostra que a maioria não publica, há pelo menos um ano. Conclui-se que o perfil das revistas científicas electrónicas de Angola é reflexo do contexto académico e científico do país, havendo neste domínio muitos desafios a superar.

  • Autor/es: Vivaz Bandeira, Paula Carina de Araújo
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Brasil
  • Idioma: Portugués
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

How metric-based performance evaluation systems fuel the growth of questionable publications?

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The proliferation of questionable publishing practices has raised serious concerns in academia, prompting numerous discussions and investigations into the motivations behind researchers’ preference for such journals. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of current academic performance evaluation systems on scholars’ questionable journal preferences in Turkey. Utilizing data from the comprehensive study conducted by Kulczycki et al. (2021) on questionable journals, we analyzed the academic careers of 398 researchers who authored 417 articles in this context. Our findings reveal a clear association between current research evaluation systems and journal selection, particularly during the process of applying for associate professorship. Notably, 96% of the articles published in questionable journals were listed in scholars’ academic profiles, indicating their use in academic promotion or incentive portfolios. While this study contributes valuable insights into the relationship between academic performance evaluation systems and questionable journal preferences, additional research is required to comprehensively understand the motivations behind scholars’ publishing choices and to devise effective strategies to combat questionable publishing practices in academia.

  • Autor/es: Onur Öztürk, Zehra Taşkın
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Turquía
  • Idioma: Inglés
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

Evaluación de la investigación y rankings de universidades, más allá de las citas y el factor de impacto

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La evaluación de la investigación es actualmente uno de los temas de mayor relevancia y controversia en la ciencia y la academia, especialmente en el ámbito universitario. Esta evaluación se utiliza comúnmente para clasificar instituciones, grupos, productos académicos como las revistas científicas, y al personal docente investigador. Los indicadores de calidad e impacto de la investigación influyen decisivamente en el ascenso en carreras académicas, selección de beneficiarios de becas e incentivos, culminación de programas de alto nivel (como maestrías y doctorados), asignación de recursos en instituciones y centros de investigación, y en la definición de políticas públicas a nivel institucional y gubernamental.

  • Autor/es: Gloria M. Díaz
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Colombia
  • Idioma: Español
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

Hidden citations obscure true impact in science

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References, the mechanism scientists rely on to signal previous knowledge, lately have turned into widely used and misused measures of scientific impact. Yet, when a discovery becomes common knowledge, citations suffer from obliteration by incorporation. This leads to the concept of hidden citation, representing a clear textual credit to a discovery without a reference to the publication embodying it. Here, we rely on unsupervised interpretable machine learning applied to the full text of each paper to systematically identify hidden citations. We find that for influential discoveries hidden citations outnumber citation counts, emerging regardless of publishing venue and discipline. We show that the prevalence of hidden citations is not driven by citation counts, but rather by the degree of the discourse on the topic within the text of the manuscripts, indicating that the more discussed is a discovery, the less visible it is to standard bibliometric analysis. Hidden citations indicate that bibliometric measures offer a limited perspective on quantifying the true impact of a discovery, raising the need to extract knowledge from the full text of the scientific corpus.

  • Autor/es: Xiangyi Meng, Onur Varol, Albert‐László Barabási
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Estados Unidos, Turquía, Hungría
  • Idioma: Inglés
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

Contenido empírico y justificación teórica en el estructuralismo metateórico

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En la concepción estructuralista de teoría científica se afirma que sus tesis son neutrales respecto a compromisos epistemológicos, puesto que su análisis es estructural (Diederich, 1996). En el presente texto nos proponemos mostrar que no existe tal neutralidad epistemológica en una de las piezas clave del estructuralismo metateórico, nos referimos a la noción “aplicaciones intencionales”, y que de lo anterior se deriva un compromiso epistémico relacionado con la justificación de teorías científicas, según el cual, la ciencia es una “red” de relaciones lógicas entre teorías. Para lograr lo anterior nos proponemos analizar las implicaciones semánticas y epistemológicas de esa noción y el rol que juega en la contrastación teórica. Una de las consecuencias más radicales del análisis propuesto es que la noción anterior (aplicaciones intencionales) implica que unas teorías están justificadas por otras; en otras palabras, la justificación de teorías científicas caería en un coherentismo interteórico, que precisaremos más adelante. Naturalmente, es importante advertir que esta tesis y esta implicación coherentista la aceptan los defensores del estructuralismo metateórico (Balzer, Moulines & Sneed, 1987) y (Díez & Moulines, 1997). Sin embargo, el punto realmente problemático, y lo novedoso del presente artículo, es que el coherentismo compromete la justificación de las teorías en cuanto implica un regressus ad infinitum en la reconstrucción formal. Además, este defecto del estructuralismo conlleva a otras dos réplicas adicionales, una desde el punto de vista pragmático y otra desde el punto de vista semántico. El primero consiste en que, si aceptamos la tesis del regressus la reconstrucción puede ser infructuosa para efectos pragmáticos, i.e. la corrección formal de una teoría nos obliga a corregir el conjunto de teorías ya presupuestas que intervienen en ella. De la misma manera, la dependencia semántica de una teoría respecto a sus antecesoras implica que si uno de sus conceptos fundamentales es corregido o modificado, entonces habría que hacer una revisión general de todas las teorías relacionadas en las que el concepto en cuestión es relevante. El trabajo, es pues, un avance en esta dirección.

  • Autor/es: José Orlando Morales, Leonardo Cárdenas Castañeda
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Colombia
  • Idioma: Inglés
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

A memory-theoretic account of citation propagation

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Despite the common assumption that citations are indicative of an article’s scientific merit, increasing evidence indicates that citation counts are largely driven by variables unrelated to quality. In this article, we treat people’s decisions of what to cite as an instance of memory retrieval and show that observed citation patterns are well accounted for by a model of memory. The proposed exposure model anticipates that small alterations in factors that affect people’s ability to retrieve to-be-cited articles from memory early in their life cycle are magnified over time and can lead to the emergence of highly cited papers. This effect occurs even when there is no variation in the starting point exposure probabilities (i.e. when assuming a level playing field where all articles are treated equally and of equal ‘quality’), and is exacerbated by natural variation in retrievability of articles due to encoding. We discuss the implications of the model within the context of research evaluation and hiring, tenure and promotion decisions.

  • Autor/es: Michael R. Dougherty, David A. Illingworth, Rosalind Nguyen
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Estados Unidos
  • Idioma: Inglés
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex

Teaching as part of open scholarship: developing a scientometric framework for Open Educational Resources

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Scientometric assessments of Open Educational Resources (OER) offer a way to quantitatively represent teaching in higher education through openly available and accessible artefacts. They could serve science policy monitoring and lead to greater visibility of higher education teaching in a recognition and reward system. In this context, we discuss possible statistics for OER. In a pre-study, a first version of OER indicators was discussed in three focus groups. The findings of these discussions were incorporated into the creation of a more comprehensive second version of a framework for OER statistics, which was evaluated in detail in six expert interviews. After incorporating changes as a result of the evaluation, a third version of the framework for OER statistics emerged that enables scientometric measurements of OER, while considering the common criticisms of scientometric measurements. The framework comprises an individual level, which recognizes all OER created by an individual, and an institutional level, which serves to quantify OER created by an institution. At the individual level, productivity, cooperation, resonance, openness, altmetric and transfer indicators are available. In addition, we record dichotomously whether an OER certification exists. At the institutional level, additional support indicators are proposed to recognize achievements in the development and maintenance of OER-promoting structures at institutional level.

  • Autor/es: Sylvia Kullmann, Verena Weimer
  • Año de publicación: 2024
  • País: Alemania
  • Idioma: Inglés
  • Fuente de indexación: OpenAlex
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